![]() ![]() Simply add your email address and postcode to the postage estimator in the shopping basket to get an idea of carriage before checking out. The best quality boards are either visually graded or machine graded. ![]() You can opt for scaffold boards that meet the Grade A standards, or the BSI standards (BS 2482). The dimensions might vary depending on the project you have going on and the type of board you opt for. Infoĭelivery is added at checkout and it is based on the longest item and total weight of your basket. This is the most common type of scaffolding board, and will typically come with the standard-sized scaffold plank thickness of 38mm, and 225mm across in width. The standard scaffold board width is 225 mm, 3.9 m length, and 38 mm thickness. Other sizes of untreated timber board are also available, and we also stock tanalised timber boards. Also available to purchase are our 8ft scaffolding boards.They are £11.95 +vat per board at present.Each board will have metal bands at either end, they are not treated with any chemicals and are not sanded.Each 2.4m length has a standard width of 225mm and a thickness of 38mm. Most Grade A scaffolding planks will be made with European Whitewood and adhere to BS2482 UK standards. Flame Retardant Scaffolding Board - 10ft (3m) EURO CLASS B From. Some projects may require extra work to be carried out on the boards as they are rough cut. This is the most common type of scaffolding board, and will typically come with the standard-sized scaffold plank thickness of 38mm, and 225mm across in width. Scaffolding Board - 4ft (1.2m) European Whitewood From £7.37 (inc.VAT) £5.93 (inc.VAT) Scaffolding Board - 3ft (0.95m) European Whitewood From £11.94 (inc.VAT) £7.80 (inc.VAT) Flame Retardant Scaffolding Board - 13ft (3.9m) EURO CLASS B From Call for best price 01. Suitable for outdoor Construction & DIY, Gardening, Allotments & Landscaping, Shelving & Interior design projects ( you can use them with our range of plated castors). With that in mind, you might be wondering what the standard scaffold board size is. Height will sometimes be referred to as scaffold board thickness. All Boards are 228mm (9 inches) wide and 38mm (1 1/2 inches) thick, and have a rough cut finish (so final sizes can vary slightly from board to board). To do a quick maths lesson, the dimensions are made up of the scaffold board width, length and height. Our un-treated timber boards are produced from British whitewood and are 70% FSC mix. The standard is as follows: 38mm thickness, a width of 225mm, and a length of up 3.9m (13ft).
0 Comments
![]() We especially enjoyed working on Northwestern University Qatar’s survey about media use in the Middle East. Pair it with a structured narrative and you have infographic gold. ![]() Whether you coordinate with your marketing team to poll your own customers or wait for a major industry publication to release their most recent survey results, this data is ripe for visualization. What better way to do that (with the added bonus of credible data) than to use the data you have access to in your company? Annual reports, case studies, sales data-all of these elements can help you tell an interesting story to your audience. One of the best ways to differentiate yourself from your competition is to market your unique value propositions, to tell your unique story. Tip: Forekast is “the Internet’s calendar,” and it tracks just about everything, inspiring our interactive infographic in honor of Black History Month and a camping guide to Coachella. Make sure you’re regularly reviewing upcoming events-everything from major holidays to movie releases-to spot any opportunities to plug in content. Ideally, you’re working ahead and carefully planning your editorial calendar. Don’t let your controversial infographic ideas take you down. ![]() We’ve seen too many brands mess up royally. One caveat: Avoid tragedies or hot-button political issues. Monitor headlines and take a look at Google trends to keep your finger on the pulse. For example, when California’s drought was in the news (and our SoCal HQ office was withering), we created our “ 7 Ways to Hack a Drought” infographic to spread the word on water conservation. It’s a great way to insert yourself into the conversation (in an appropriate way, of course). For example, in the past we’ve tackled the selfie-obsessed generation and the brunch phenomenon. Serious or light-hearted, broad or niche, think of how these trends may be turned into interesting infographics. Organizations like Pew Research are constantly releasing reports on a variety of issues relevant to the larger culture, from demographic data to social opinion polls. Social TrendsĬultural trends can be a powerful source to tap into for infographic inspiration. We’ve visualized everything from rap artists’ lifestyles to breakdowns of blockbuster movies. These popular subjects are always trending and, when gamed right, can help elevate the visibility of your infographic. Music, entertainment, sports, fashion-these are great sources for infographic ideas. Here’s an example of a marketing trends piece Microsoft tailor-made for the marketing industry. If a particular item you come across stays with you-or irks you-there is probably a great infographic idea somewhere in there. ![]() Next time you run through your bookmarked blogs, think about how each might be translated into a piece of visual content. These can all be great fodder for an infographic. You’re consuming information relevant to your industry all day: newsletters, articles blogs, think pieces, reports, etc. So, to make things easier-and share some hard-earned knowledge-I’ve compiled a list of some of the more tried-and-true ways to come up with great infographic ideas, as well as a few examples to inspire you. I hope it helps your next brainstorm. I’ve sat through a couple thousand infographic brainstorms, and I know firsthand that coming up with a killer idea doesn’t always happen at will. So how do you put them to work for you? Whether you’re a newb who’s never worked on one before or an OG who’s done it a million times, remember that all good infographics start with good infographic ideas. By combining great visuals, great data, and great copy, they stimulate powerful learning centers in the brain, helping connect ideas much quicker than images or text alone. When used correctly, they are a powerful storytelling device. But they’re much more than a pretty package. They deliver a lot of content in an easy-to-read format. Infographics are excellent ways to communicate. ![]() Then they did the Clash of the Titans tour, Anthrax headlined and Megadeth went on before Slayer. That opening bass line still gives me chills to this day. The did the excellent ass kicking cover of Joe Jacksons " Got the Time". They had their famous episode on Married With Children. Lots of Steven King and comic book fans were drawn to Anthrax from their lyrics. Madhouse was played on regular MTV not just the Ball. I'd argue that Anthrax was more of a household name than Slayer or Megadeth. Their next album "No Sleep til Hammersmith" hit #1. It didn't go to #1 but it charted very high as did the single. Motorheads Ace of Spades was a top 10 album. That's why they couldn't release anything for 5 years from the late 80s into the early 90s. Lemmy told every record company he dealt with to fuck off. Iommi may be the riff master but never had the balls to tell Warner that he's not putting the Black Sabbath name on all those shitty albums. He was a roadie for Hendrix, bass player for Hawkwind, started his own band just to prove Hawkwind wrong for firing him. Gotta respect a man that's wants to die on stage. Lemmys not a quitter, not in 1984 and not in 2015. I said I can't do this again if they come back next year. His voice was shaky, they only played shorter, simpler songs and no new songs because of Lemmys memory. LOL The sad part was that Anthrax played about a hour and a half and Motorhead only played for about 45min. They were honored and proud to be the warm up act for the legendary Motorhead. The promoter wanted Anthrax to headline because they are arguably more popular, at least in NYC anyway. The last gig in NY before Lemmy died was with Anthrax. A lot of great non-thrash bands got pushed to the side like Raven, Anvil, Exciter etc but Motorhead survived, got even better than the original 3 kept making album's and touring until 2015. They had bands like MOD and the Cro-Mags opening too. I went to every Thrash show in NY and Motorhead shows were just as nuts. Not Thrash but held up against the big 4 as far heaviness and club attendance. Then they released Orgasmatron, another huge album. It just sucks you in for one hell of an album. ![]() I love that 1,2 punch ! It's like Eectric eye and Riding on the Wind. Then the second song they played was the second song from Iron Fist, Heart of Stone LOL. That's the song they opened with as a big fuck you to the critic's because they always opened with the song "Motorhead" back then. Also about that flop of an album " Iron Fist". Ever here Locomotive or Snaggletooth? Two of the new songs that they played live with the amazing Pete Gill from Saxon now on drums. I still have the leather edition record sleeve I bought when it came out. Their biggest hit in the US, played in every rock club i went to and all over MTV. One of those songs was "Killed By Death". This wasn't the end but the beginning of a new chapter. Critics suck! LOL Lemmy told the record company that he wouldn't approve it unless he could put 4 new songs on it. LOL 2 of favorite Motorhead album's by the way! □□ Another reason they were considered "done" was that they just released a greatest hits album, "No Remorse". Iron Fist and Another Perfect Day were considered failures. They sold out the Beacon theater which is 5000 seats. The first time I saw Motorhead was 1984 here in NY. Even Ozzy opened for them on the freakin Blizzard Tour. Motorhead was huge in Europe from 80 to 83. LOL Its been consistently ranked in the top 10 greatest metal albums of all time. ![]() ![]() Your files will be ready to download immediately after your purchase.The album reached #4 on the charts. This is an instant download, and you will NOT receive any physical items.
![]() Note: This is international version, without built-in battery. QIANLI iCopy Plus with Battery Board for iPhone 11 12 13 14 PRO MAX LCD/Vibrator Transfer Display/Touch EPROM Battery Repair. Qianli iCopy Plus 5 in 1 set(international version-no battery):ġx iCopy Plus screen board for iPhone 7-11 Pro Max.ġx iCopy Plus battery repair board for iPhone 6-14 Pro Max.ġx iCopy Plus Face ID repair activation board for iPhone X-14 Pro Max.ġx iCopy Plus True Tone Repair Board for iPhone 12/12Mini/12Pro/12 Pro Max/13/13mini. Multiple language interfaces, available for Chinese, English, and Spanish. Available to upgrade the software and hardware to adapt to new cell phone models.ĥ. Best of all, this device is easy-to-use and upgradable thanks to removable interface plates Supported iPhone Models Screens: iPhone 7 to 11 Pro Max Vibration. ![]() iPhone 11 Pro Max iPhone 11 Pro iPhone 11 iPhone XS Max iPhone XS iPhone. Qianli Icopy Plus Iphone 7/8 / 8P / X / Xr / Xs / Xsmax / 11 Pro Max Lcd / Vibrator Transzfer Eeprom Programozó Az Akkumulátor / Világítótábla Hozzáadása. Can restore True Tone without the original screen.Ĥ. QianLi iCopy Plus True Tone/ Light Sensor/ Vibrator/ Battery Testing Board. Qianli Icopy Plus Iphone 7/8 / 8P / X / Xr / Xs / Xsmax / 11 Pro Max Lcd / Vibrator Transzfer Eeprom Programozó Az Akkumulátor / Világítótábla Hozzáadása From 28 992 Ft. Each iCopy plus 2.2 has a 2.8-inch HD Display.ģ. Available to operate without the PC connection.Ģ. Vibration, original color, Photosensitivity, Baseband Chip Reading and Writing, battery repair, ect.ġ. New Version 2.2 - With iCopy Plus V2.2 you get 4 PCB Boards: FaceID Board X-14PM, Battery Service PCB 6-14PM, LCD / Touch PCB 7-11PM, Data Cable / Headset Authenticity Tester Board PCB. ![]() Read and write Baseband Logic EEPROM Data for iPhone 6-XS Max.Ħ. Read, write and modify iPhone vibrator data for iPhone 7-X.Ĥ. Report an issue with this product or seller. Read, write and modify iPhone battery data for iPhone 6-14 PRO Max.ģ. Qianli 3 in 1 iCopy Plus 2.1 for iPhone 7/8/8P/X/XR/XS/XSMAX/11 Pro Max LCD/Vibrator Transfer EEPROM Programmer & Battery/Lighting Board. Restore repair iPhone True Tone functions for iPhone 8-11 Pro Max. Note: Qianli iCopy X-14PM Face ID Board supports Qianli iCopy Plus 2.0 and above version, it's not support the old iCopy programmer.ġ. Qianli iCopy Plus programmer restores iPhone true tone function, read, write, modify the iPhone battery data, baseband logic EEPROM IC data, ect. Qianli iCopy Plus 2.2 repair programmer for iPhone 6-14 Pro Max screen battery Face ID repair. Qianli iCopy Plus programmer 2024 version 5 in 1 set for iPhone Face ID True Tone Battery Vibrator Headset Data Cable Repair. Iphone 7G 7P 8G 8P X XSMAX XR 11 Type:: Photosensitive Backup baseband data: logic board of the iPhone to the iCopy. The NES Zapper can only be used on CRT displays it will not work on LCDs, plasma displays or other flat panel displays due to display lag. Older light guns did not use this method, making it possible to cheat and get a perfect hit score in a way not possible using the NES Zapper. This darkness/brightness sequence prevents the possible issue caused by pointing the Zapper right next to or into a light bulb. New Star GP Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent. Another popular title is Cabelas African Adventures, a safari hunting game thats also available on the PS3. Download VR Games Torrent VR Random FAQ GAME LIST GAME REQUEST Last Epoch Free Download. ![]() Released in early 2017, the newest installment in the theHunter series goes back to its hunting roots in a game that is engaging and fun to play. The whole process is almost imperceptible to the human eye, although one can notice a slight "flashing" of the image but this was easily misconstrued as a simulated muzzle flash. One of the newest PlayStation 4 games about hunting is theHunter: Call of the Wild. After all target areas have been illuminated, the game returns to drawing graphics as usual. If a target is hit, the game determines which one was hit based on the duration of the flash, as each target flashes for a different duration. And the visuals look good enough that you’d think Duck Season could almost pass for a shooting simulator. Now you can enjoy an extremely adventurous travel without moving any centimeters out of your house. The Zapper detects this change in light level and determines if any of the targets are in its hit zone. Download VR Duck Hunting for Android to long time no travel. Then, on the next frame, all valid targets that are on screen are drawn all white as the rest of the screen remains black. ![]() ![]() When the trigger on the gun (NES Zapper) is pressed, the game causes the entire screen to become black for one frame. ![]() So that’s between 5,000 and 10,000 copies of each of her books,” he says. “And we at Arunothayam publish between five and 15 editions of each of her novels. According to her publisher SM Arunachalam, each of her novels has a print run of 1,000 per edition. Modern romance novels are represented by the current bestselling author in the Tamil language, Ramanichandran. I believe in happy endings,” says Ramani. “I believe we see enough sorrow and controversy in real life, why take it into fiction. And there’s never any terminal illness, tragedy of any kind, religious or caste conflict in her books. My female characters are always strong,” she says. “That’s like my social message for women who are reading my books. “But I can tell you that judging by the number of women buying these romance novels, it is a big market.” It’s the reason Ramani makes sure that every one of her female protagonists has a mind of her own. “I read just the tidbits and listen to her plots,” he admits, sheepishly. He says his favourite book by Ramani is ‘Shanthini’ but she insists that is because it’s the only one he has read. He runs a bookstore in the neighbourhood, which stocks only “family stories” written by 33 women writers, including his wife. It’s 1pm, and like clockwork, Ramani’s husband Balachandran walks through the door for lunch. ![]() ![]() “I don’t want the ideas to be even in my subconscious mind,” she says. “These are the three universal themes when it comes to romance, so why digress? I just change the situations,” she says.Īll her characters are inspired by people she sees around her, and to make sure her creativity is at its honest best, she does not read other romance novels or watch Tamil serials. In fact, in the last 35 years and 140 novels, Ramani’s plot lines have followed one of three themes or “concepts ” as she calls them - boy meets girl, love triangle, or the problems of married couples. “It was a light romance, you know the usual, boy meets girl, then there’s a misunderstanding and they finally come together,” says Ramani. That’s how I started writing short stories for the magazine,” says Ramani, whose first book ‘Jodi Puratkal’ was published soon after. “He read some of the letters I wrote to my sister and said I had a good style. Ramani was discovered in the early 1970s by her brother-in-law A Ma Sami, who happened to be editor of a Tamil magazine called ‘Rani’. She got her grandchildren to teach her how to use the computer when she was diagnosed with a trigger finger that crippled her ability to hold a pen to paper and write. From magazines to newspapers, novels to short stories, kids school stuff to. I keep going till 1 am,” says the 72-year-old author. “But by 11pm, when everyone is finally asleep, I start writing. At 1 pm, her world comes to a standstill as she waits eagerly for her husband to come home for lunch, afternoons are for napping, evening again for meeting friends and housework. Crack of dawn is all about morning walks, pujas and cooking before noon. ![]() It seems obvious that the faster the winder and the colder the temperature, the lower wind chill. The reason a windy day feels colder is because more heat actually is taken away from the body. It seems strange that a subjective experience, such as how cold a day feels, can be measured quantitatively. For your own purposes, you can check the speed of the wind and the air temperature in your local weather forecast. This accuracy of this measurement is, of course, critical in getting a meaningful result from the wind chill calculator. Although it looks like a weather vane, it uses four bowl-shaped appendages, tilted to one side, giving it the ability to accurately measure the speed of the wind. Wind speed is measured by using a tool known as an anemometer. T_a is the air temperature in degrees Fahreheit,Įven if these equations seem complicated - don't worry! With our calculator you can estimate wind chill easily, both, in Fahrenheits and miles per hour, or in Celsius and kilometers per hour.T_wc is the wind chill in Fahreheit temperature scale,.Or, if you use Fahrenheit and miles per hour: v is the wind speed in kilometers per hour.T_a is the air temperature in degrees Celsius,.T_wc is the wind chill in Celsius temperature scale,.The current formula for the wind chill calculator in Celsius and kilometers per hour is as follows: The wind chill calculator puts it into a concrete figure, which is extremely useful for practical purposes. This is the mechanism of the cooling effects of the wind. This causes the skin to radiate more heat into the surrounding air, causing your body to cool down quicker, decreasing your body temperature. When the wind blows, it increases convection and removes this boundary of warmer air, replacing it with fresh, colder air. the air is still, this boundary of warmer air stays with you for longer, trapped (for a time) by the hairs on your skin. Your body naturally emits heat all the time, warming up the air around your skin. Radiation: The transmission of energy through space by a thermal radiation.Convection: The movement of particles in liquids or gases.Conduction: The transfer of energy within a body.This is not always a bad effect this is the principle that we use to cool ourselves down in the summer using fans.Ī surface loses heat via three primary mechanisms: It's caused by the movement of air across your skin leeching heat away from your body quicker than normal. If you've ever been outside on a day that is supposedly 50☏, yet it feels like it could be 35☏, you've felt the effects of wind chill. ![]() Notifications, widgets, emails-if you're using an online to-do list, it should help you track what needs to happen when. Tags, lists, projects, and due dates are all helpful, and the best to-do apps offer at least a few categories like this. Offer multiple ways to organize your tasks. ![]() If adding your to-dos is a hassle, you just won't do it. Ideally, a task is added and categorized in a couple taps or keystrokes. A good digital to-do list makes it easier to get work done-and makes it harder to miss deadlines. To-do lists help you organize your work and keep track of tasks. Regardless, there were a few features that made certain apps stand out. I kept this in mind as I tested, and I tried not to just pick the apps that suited me best, but the ones that suit different people who approach task management in other ways. Of course, when it comes to managing a to-do list online, everyone has different criteria. In that time, I've personally tried basically every major to-do list app that has come out, and I've always relied upon at least one of them to function. I've written about technology in general, and productivity specifically, since 2013. For more details on our process, read the full rundown of how we select apps to feature on the Zapier blog. We're never paid for placement in our articles from any app or for links to any site-we value the trust readers put in us to offer authentic evaluations of the categories and apps we review. Unless explicitly stated, we spend dozens of hours researching and testing apps, using each app as it's intended to be used and evaluating it against the criteria we set for the category. Our best apps roundups are written by humans who've spent much of their careers using, testing, and writing about software. Other options, including project management software, note-taking apps, and other tools that can do the job Microsoft To Do for Microsoft power usersĪny.do for people who forget to use to-do apps TickTick for embedded calendars and timers Todoist for balancing power and simplicity Click on any app to learn more about why I chose it, or keep reading for more context on to-do list apps. Whatever you're looking for, one of these task management apps is going to be right for you. We then tried the top-rated apps in every respective app store, and spent way too much time making to-do lists on one app after another.Īnd now I'm offering you what I feel is the cream of the crop. We started by finding the best apps for every platform: Android, Windows, macOS, and iPhone/iPad. Research for these pieces was exhaustive. Right click the image and select ‘set picture as background’.To that end, we've been hard at work researching the best to-do apps, trying to find the right ones for various use cases.Place each page of your calendar as an image in the notebook.Create a new notebook for your calendar.Export each page of the calendar as a. ![]() I used canva, as are lots of calendar templates you can download as-is, or you can take as a base and edit. Create the calendar images in a graphic design software.This is how we created The Better Grind Monthly Calendar Template: If you’re inspired to create your own OneNote calendar it’s pretty straightforward! You can download ours or make your own! How Do I Create My Own OneNote Calendar? OneNote no longer includes calendar templates within the software. If you’re a long time OneNote user you may have used Microsoft’s online calendar templates before. Then, the planner will now open in OneNote Desktop. ![]()
![]() Explore the free collection of animated screensavers and update your desktop. Transform your PC's sleep mod with personalized Windows Screensavers. You also can personalize live wallpapers in many ways, including the speed, direction of the animation and appearance. it is available on the internet and offers an easy download option. This is the only official download page for macOS Transformation Pack. If you’re enthusiastic with Mac themes and want a high-quality one for your laptop, then you’ll love the Mac OS X. macOS Transformation Pack 5.0 will transform your Windows 10/8/7/Vista/XP user interface to macOS, including Login Screen, Themes, Wallpapers, Cursors, Fonts, Sounds, Icons, Dock, Finderbar, Dashboard, Spaces, Launchpad and more. If the downloaded file is a zip file, extract the executable file (.exe) from it. From its name, Mac OS X EI Captain gives Windows 10 the ultimate Mac outlook and experience. Simply download either of Yosemite Transformations Pack or UX Pack (Download links provided at the end). Live wallpapers are dynamic backgrounds that bring your desktop to life with animations and effects. In this guide, I will install Yosemite Transformation Pack on my Windows 8.1 to theme it like Yosemite on Mac. With the growing popularity of animated wallpapers, we recommend you another way to customize your desktop. Users can easily download and install the themes and skins from the website. Locate destination of the downloaded file and after opening the file, it will automatically go to the theme setting and you can change it to the recent themes. BigSur DeviantArt is a popular website where users can find various themes and skins to customize their Windows 10 interface to look like macOS Big Sur.The website offers a wide range of customization options, including icon packs, wallpapers, and widgets. ![]() Before downloading the themes, please choose any version of your Windows 11, 10 or 7. Explore the Windows Themes galleries now! How to Download Windows Themes?īrowse through the categories and pick any Windows themes according to your personal preferences. Now here you have the high-quality themes at your fingertips and we are constantly updating the new themes. Each theme can be classified into certain categories such as games, animes, sport, movies, nature and just about anything you can think of. There are Windows Themes available on this site and it's free to download. You have the options to customize the themes to your likings and modify the standard interface of your Windows PC. A Windows Theme is a visual pattern that predefines the collection of wallpaper, icons, pointer, screensaver, sounds or any color styles which together form the looks of your PC. Atmos Environ 46:618–630ĭudka S, Adriano DC (1997) Environmental impacts of metal ore mining and processing: a review. Atmos Environ 135:92–100ĭolislager LJ, VanCuren R, Pederson JR, Lashgari A, McCauley E (2012) A summary of the Lake Tahoe atmospheric deposition study (LTADS). Fuel 77:95–107ĭolislager LJ, VanCuren R, Pederson JR, Lashgari A, McCauley E (2009) A summary of the Lake Tahoe atmospheric deposition study (LTADS). Springer, Netherlands, pp 189–226ĭemir I, Ruch RR, Damberger HH, Harvey RD, Steele JD, Ho KK (1998) Environmentally critical elements in channel and cleaned samples of Illinois coals. In: Croudace IW, Rothwell RG (eds) Micro-XRF studies of sediment cores. Geol Soc Spec Publ 267:51–63ĭavies SJ, Lamb HF, Roberts SJ (2015) Micro-XRF core scanning in palaeolimnology: recent developments. Limnol Oceanogr 22:361–369Ĭroudace IW, Rindby A, Rothwell RG (2006) ITRAX description and evaluation of a new multi-function X-ray core scanner. 01-334, US For Serv Pac Southwest Res StnĬarlson RE (1977) A trophic state index for lakes. Final report to California Air Resources Board, Contract N. Geophys Res Lett 34:1–5īytnerowicz A, Arbaugh M, Padgett P (2004) Evaluation of ozone and HNO 3 vapor distribution and ozone effects on conifer forests in the Lake Tahoe Basin and eastern Sierra Nevada. Quat Sci Rev 30:1067–1085īrown ET, Johnson TC, Scholz CA, Cohen AS, King JW (2007) Abrupt change in tropical African climate linked to the biopolar seesaw over the past 55,000 years. ![]() ![]() Springer, Netherlands, pp 19–92īowerman ND, Clark DH (2011) Holocene glaciations of the central Sierra Nevada, California. Wiley, New York, pp 527–570īirks HJB (2012) Overview of numerical methods in paleolimnology: tracking environmental change using lake sediments. Handbook of holocene palaeoecology and palaeohydrology. Bioscience 61:602–613īattarbee RW (1986) In: Berglund BE (ed) Diatom analysis. CATENA 5:1–8īaron JS, Driscoll CT, Stoddard JL, Richer EE (2011) Empirical critical loads of atmospheric nitrogen deposition for nutrient enrichment and acidification of sensitive US lakes. The data collected show that the FLL record is sensitive to climatic cooling during the Little Ice Age and to anthropogenic activities commencing in the 1800s that increased throughout the latter half of the twentieth century however the effects of anthropogenic N deposition in these lakes could not be substantiated.Īppleby PG, Oldfield F (1978) The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported 210 Pb to the sediment. Asterionella formosa is present in the water column at Gilmore Lake and absent from the sediment, indicating a very recent appearance. Asterionella formosa is a dominant component in the FLL water column today, but has been present in similar abundances for at least the last 1200 years. Lack of support for N deposition includes the asynchrony in the appearance of the N-sensitive diatom Asterionella formosa in FLL and a lower impact site at Gilmore Lake, and an uninformative δ 15N record. ![]() Down core proxies for atmospheric N deposition in the FLL watershed are, at best, weakly expressed and appear to be overshadowed by stronger signals. Beginning around 1910 and accelerating in the 1940s, increased building, land-use, and recreation around FLL caused an increase in terrestrial sedimentary input. The Transitional Zone increases in elemental Co, Zn, and Sn that may be attributed to an increase in coal burning and smelting activities in California and Nevada. Four diatom zones are recognized from a core taken at Fallen Leaf Lake (FLL), a site moderately impacted by human activities: (1) Pre-Little Ice Age Zone (840–1385), (2) Little Ice Age Zone (1385–1810) characterized by Stephanodiscus alpinus and Aulacoseira subarctica, (3) Transitional Zone (1810–1950) of warming and anthropogenic influence with increased Lindavia rossii- ocellata group and Discostella stelligera and decreased Pseudostaurosira brevistriata, and (4) Anthropogenic Zone (1950–2010) characterized by a rapid increase of mesotrophic diatoms of the Fragilaria tenera- nanana group, Tabellaria flocculosa strain IIIP, and Nitzschia gracilis. This study addresses the effects of climate, land-use, and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition on the Fallen Leaf Lake watershed, Lake Tahoe Basin, through diatom and geochemical analyses of sediment cores. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |